Further, there is preliminary evidence that the positive impact of father involvement on child academic outcomes is stronger for children in families with low income than those in middle- and upper-income families. Research has suggested that early parent involvement can have both short- and long-term positive effects on child development in families with low income. However, not all children in families with low income have poor developmental outcomes. Approximately 17% of children in the United States live in families with low income, and children born to parents with low income tend to have poorer developmental outcomes. However, various patterns of father involvement across multiple dimensions of functioning and their unique impacts on healthy child development across the social, behavioral, and cognitive domains remain unclear, especially among economically disadvantaged families. Numerous studies suggest a link between greater father involvement and child positive health, mental health, socioemotional, academic, and behavioral outcomes. Father involvement is a key family protective factor that is crucial to childrenвЂ™s healthy development.

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